Today

• Western Wall: holiest of all Jewish shrines
• half a million Jews died when they tried to rebel against the Roman Empire
• Romans had many gods, emperors were often viewed as gods
• after the rebellion of the Jews(lost) the Roman army burned down their shrines
• Romans were harsh against people who didn't worship their gods or their emperor, especially Christians who were viewed as a cult because they were a new upcoming religion
• Christians were thrown into the Colosseum with wild, angry and starving animals as "entertainment"
• by AD 200 10% of the Roman population were Christians, even though they were treated harshly the Christian religion grew quickly
• 
  

Today

• Pax Romana: began when Augustus took over, a period of peace and prosperity
• built roads and aqueducts(brought water to the city)
• setup postal service, grain supply and services to take care of roads
• Augustus died at age 76 in A.D. 14 and passes the power onto Tiberius
• Jesus was a Roman citizen and a Jew
• Jesus began his ministry at age 30 and preached to the poor
• Pontius Pilate sentenced Jesus to death
• Jesus claimed that his kingdom wasn't of their(Jews, Romans etc.) world, this made people nervous and lead to his sentencing of death
• Romans were the only people with the right to crucify people
• Paul told Jesus' life story and preached his message
• traveled to multiple places, Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and possibly Spain and Britain
• The most influential persons in history 1. Muhammad 2. Sir Isaac Newton 3. Jesus 4. Buddha 5. Confucius 6. St. Paul of Tarsus
• Tiberius referred to the senate as "men fit to be slaves"
• Tiberius died in AD 37 at the age of 77 passing the power onto Caligula
• Caligula granted bonuses to the soldiers in the military
• the senate said that everything was "blissful" at first
• Caligula started to become bad and claimed himself a god and had statues of himself put into a Jewish temple in Jerusalem
• Caligula slept with other men's wives and bragged to them about it
• Caligula tried to make his horse a consul and a priest
• Caligula was assassinated by his own aides AD 41 at age 28 and passed his power onto Claudius
• Claudius was born with disabilities and was often made fun of
• he conquered Britain, built roads, canals and aqueducts and renovated the Circus Maximus
• Messalina, Claudius' wife was considered to be a nymphomaniac because she slept with ANYONE
• Messalina tried to gain power for her lover Silius but Claudius saw this coming and had her killed 

Today

• Caligula took over after Tiberius dies
• Caligula showed promise at first but then started becoming disturbed
• Caligula was bipolar
• Caligula ordered his army to collect seashells
• Caligula was supposed to sacrifice an animal in a ceremony but instead killed the high priest
• Caligula took away religious freedom
• Caligula had a statue of himself put into the church of the Jews
• Caligula was murdered by his closest aids
• Claudius was took over after Caligula died

• Claudius was deformed from birth and was the butt of all jokes

• Claudius wanted integration among other countries within Rome

• Claudius' wife often cheated on him and eventually left him for a nobleman and tried to have him become emperor
• Claudius had his ex-wife and her husband killed

Today

• Tiberius order that Caligula's two older brother were executed and that his mother was exiled
• Tiberius turned his back on Rome and went to an island and indulged in sick sexual fantasies with boys and girls
• Sejanus was the only one that had access to Tiberius during his withdrawal from Rome
• Tiberius turned on Sejanus and wanted Caligula to become the next leader of Rome
• Sejanus was strangled and thrown into the Tiber river
• Jesus preached to the poor, but they were outraged when Jesus proposed that there was an empire greater than that of Rome's

Today

• July- named after Julius Caesar
• August- named after Octavian Augustus
• Augustus- means "exalted one"
• Spain, Africa, Greece and Syria become part of the Roman Empire during the 1st century
• Tiberius- adopted son of Octavian Augustus, takes over after Octavian Augustus dies, forced to divorce his previous wife so he could marry Octavian Augustus' daughter as a political gesture
• The Roman army protests because they are displeased with the way they are treated
• Germanicus steps in and helps solve the problem
• Caligula, "Bootsie" is the son of Germanicus, he saw the real values and virtues of the Roman army
• Tiberius had Germanicus killed because he was accomplishing what he couldn't and was a threat to Tiberius' position

Mark Michael, Jason Drager

Julius Caesar was killed in the Pompey theater
stabbed 23 times
the leader of the assassination was Gaius Cassius
March 15 the ides of March
96%

Rita Watson, Colleen McCormick

The Rubican was a stream that marked the ancient boundary between Italy and Cisalpine
Julius Caesar started rising in 60BC
JC started his conquest to Gaul in 58BC
made a decision that caused the fall of the Roman Republic
stayed in Gaul until chosen to be consul
lead his army across the Rubicon
Triumvirate, political alliance between Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus Financer and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus General they divided up the Roman Empire
95%

Emily Waite, Rachel W

after the Punic wars Rome took over Carthage's trade routes and started growing
Latifundias were farms that were run by slaves, which made the richer richer and the poor poorer
Gracchus brothers were activists who suggested organizing the first "welfare", redistributed land and were seen as a threat to the rich people and were killed along with their followers
91%

Emily Stasuk, Elena Fernandez

Plebeians were normal people
Consul was the highest elected office in the Roman Republic
Rome didn't want another King/one person with all power after Tarqus the proud
Cavalry rode horses
Legions consisted of 5000-6000 soldiers
Centuries were much smaller groups
Mercenaries fought for money not loyalty
Rome fought Carthage in the Punic wars
89%

4/28

Consul: A king like official that controlled the army and the government, two were appointed at a time.
Veto:"I forbid"
Senate: aristocratic branch of government
Assembly: democratic branch of government
Dictator: A leader with absolute power over laws and the military
Mercenary: Soldiers that would fight for any country for pay

1a. Why were many plebeians dissatisfied with Rome's government in the early years of the republic?Plebeians weren't allowed the right to hold most important positions in government.
1b. How did they win reforms? Thousands of Plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army.
1c. What changes did they bring about in Roman government? They published their laws and it was made known that any free citizen had the right to be protected by the law. Patricians and Plebeians were allowed to marry. Plebeians were allowed to hold important positions in the government.

2. Why did Romans consider that they had a balanced government? They had a mixture of Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy they believed that this mixture gave them the best of each government.

3. Once Rome had conquered most of Italy, how did the Roman government win the support of the conquered people? They were granted freedom to some extent, some were actually given the right to vote while others weren't but could still live a normal life.

4a. At the start of the Punic Wars, why might Carthage have appeared the stronger power? Carthage had a Navy and was richer.
4b. Why was Rome, in fact, the victor? Rome had twice the amount of soldiers, their soldiers were more loyal and reliable and warfare was their specialty.

5. Why was the battle of Zama a major turning point in history? If the Romans weren't victorious then it's laws and government might not have ever been passed onto Western Civilization.

6a. Why did the Greeks at first welcome Roman armies? The Romans freed the Greeks from the rule of Philip V of Macedon.
6b.  Why did the Greek attitude change? The Romans started interfering with Greek politics.

• Tarquin was the last Roman King, he was cruel to his people and was literally ran out of town by the people
• Demos- common people
• Romulus killed his brother Remus, hence the name Rome

Today 4/27

Republic: A government system of which "the people" or a significant amount of them hold supreme control over the government.
Gravitas: A Roman virtue emphasizing seriousness.
Pater familias: father of the family, head of the household
Toga: A large wool blanket worn as a garment by being wrapped around the body
Patrician: The original aristocrat family of Ancient Rome
Plebeian: The common people of Ancient Rome
Legion: An infantry made up of 4,000-6,000 heavily armed foot soldiers
Century: one of the 60 branches or parts of the legion that is broken up, A much smaller infantry

1. How did geography help Rome? Rome was located in an area where they had the ability to send out ships and armies in all directions. Rome was also located near the Tiber River making trade easy.

2. Why was each of the following groups important to Rome's development?
Latins: The first settlers of Rome, without them there would be no Rome
Greeks: Spread there colonies farther and brought all of Italy closer to Greek customs and civilization
Etruscans: very civilized people that had a writing system unlike Latins but soon introduced the Latins to their writing system, help develop trade and architecture

3. What were the values of early Roman society? It seemed like brawn was valued more than brain in the Roman society. Discipline, strength and loyalty were the main characteristics that were valued

4. How was the Roman household organized? The oldest man was the head of the household usually being the father, everything belonged to him.
    What freedoms did women have in the family and in society? Women had the right to won property, testify in court and was considered a citizen.

5. How was the army linked to Roman society? Roman men were required to serve in the military and if you wanted to hold public office you had to serve ten years as a soldier.

Emily Kennedy

Where was Alexander born?
When did Alexander begin tutoring with Aristotle?
Who was Alexander's father?
When did Alexander declare war on Persia?
What age did Alexander die at?
grade:100

4/15

Alexander's horse was named Bucepholus
Bucepholus died in 326 B.C. at a battle in Jhelum, Pakistan
Researcher's now believe that Alexander was either bisexual or homosexual
Alexander was 20 when he first started conquering
Alexander's goal was to reach the end of the Earth

Phillip of Macedon is Alexander The Great's father
Aristotle is Alexander's tutor
Alexander was taught that Greek's were made to rule
Alexander was told by his mother that his real father was Achilles
Alexander took over when he was 20 when his father died
Alexander only killed those who rose up against him and tried to take over, other than that he joined forces and mixed cultures
The Battle of Gaugamala the Persians outnumbered Alexander's forces 6 to 1

Today 4/13

Today Mr.Schick made an awesome point about thinking for yourself. Socrates was the first Greek to really start thinking for himself and using reason to explain things such as Eclipses and Weather.

Egypt Rap

Welcome to Egypt where most people are smart

But don't ever  make the Pharaoh  mad or he'll rip out your heart

Better build a pyramid before he dies

Or the gods will make fire rain from the skies

You work all day and night

So I think you just might

Keep workin don't give up the fight

Cause if you do then the Locusts will blot out the suns light

True story

It might sound a little gory

But that's not the half of it, it gets worse

If you don't wanna hear about it, skip this verse

Because im about to break it down

Here we go

Pharaoh refused to let his slaves go

Can you believe he told god no?!?!?

There's somethin wrong with this fool

He aint cool

So you can imagine god released his wrath and took this fool to school

Pharaoh broke one of the main rules

He didn't have faith in god

He had slaves and treated em kinda odd

There's somethin wrong with this fool

He aint cool

But anyways whatever this is word from The John Carroll School

Greece

• Ostracized: being banned/banished from your own land
• Pericles: the leader of Athens at the highest of it's power
• Pericles wanted Athens to be the most widely known City-State so people can bask in it's glory
• Parthenon: a huge building built by Pericles' orders, it was a tribute to Athenia( took 20,000 tons of Marble to build)
• Parthenon took 15 years to build
• Friez: Pericles built monuments for the regular citizens
• Aspasia: was technically a prostitute, Pericles treated her as an equal
• World's first theater
• Greeks invented drama: comedy and tragedy
• Oedipus: was taken away from his parents at a very young age, he solved the riddle of the Sphinx, went to a fortune teller and she told him he was going to kill his father and marry his mother, he gouged his own eyes out
• Hubris: Greek word that mean arrogance and pride
• Pericles wanted to battle Sparta 

Greece

• The Athenians found a lot of silver in their land, the common people wanted to keep the money for themselves but Themistocles convinced the common people to use the money for the Navy
• Xerxes took over after his father Darius died
• Xerxes' army consisted of 2 million people
• 480 B.C.: Xerxes set out to take over Greece
• Oracles were thought of as people that could communicate with the Gods or could see the future
• Dalphi was the most widely known Oracle
• The Oracle told Athens that they were doomed
• Salamis is an island off the coast of Athens where the Athenian soldiers gathered
• Straits of Salamis is where Themistocles planned to fight Xerxes
• Themistocles sent a fake traitor in to mislead Xerxes

Greece

• Hippeus helped Athens take a huge step back, his brother was killed and he went paranoid and started torturing people
• Cleisthenes over took Hippeus
• 40,000 people would attend the Olympics
• All MEN could compete in the Olympics
• Isagoris conspired against Cleisthenes and believed power was his right as an Aristocrat
• Isagoris shared his wife with a Spartan king as a bargain for help
• First time in human history that regular people rose up against their leader
• Regular Athenians beat Spartans and re-took power
• Cleisthenes invented Democracy
• Pheidippedes 

Greece

• 508 B.C. ordinary turn on their rulers.
• Cleisthenes want the regular people to govern themselves.
• Aristocrat- a member of the ruling class
• Cleisthenes was an aristocrat 
• Acropolis- Athens was built around and on this, it's big area of rock.
• Aristocrats owned most of the land, hired people, and payed people whatever they felt like.
• Regular people work long hours and you don't get much in return
• Greece was divided into city-states
• mountains separated the city-states, they spoke the same language, the same god, same experiences, just they didn't get a long.
• Sparta was a big city state
• Women had a fair amount of respect and a bigger responsibility than Athens society.  
• covered 4,000 sq miles
• Cleisthenes was inspired by the stories and myths. 
• Iliad story of the Trojan wars, Odyssey story of Odisious trying to get home after the Trojan war. 
• Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. 
• Tyrant- somebody that comes in a seizes control. 
• Pisistratus- Cleisthenes brother in law, comes in with "The Goddess" 

Greek Concepts

Arete- virtue and excellence

Epics- narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds

Myths were created to explain creation- Zeus: leader of the gods
                                                             Hera: Zeus' wife
                                                             Athena: goddess of wisdom

Culture in Decline

Around 1200 B.C. sea people began to invade Mycenae and burnt palace after palace

The Dorians moved into the war-torn region
-far less advanced
-economy collapsed
-writing disappeared for 400 years

The beginning of Greek history

Mycenaeans

began around 200 B.C.

Mycenae is located on a rocky ridge and protected by a 20 ft thick wall

Mycenaean kings dominated Greece from 1600-1200 B.C.
-controlled trade in the region

1400 B.C. Mycenaeans invaded Crete and absorbed Minoan culture and language

Notes Jason, Cole and Amir

Pyramids were built by workers who lived in villages by the pyramid build site. not the slaves or foreginers

these villages had bakers, brewers, garneries, houses, even health care facilities

some people were official employees of the pharaoh some were women

many workers too a lot of pride in their work

at giza about 20 to 30 thousand people worked on the pyramids over 80 years

egyptians believed when pharoahs died they became king od the dead

the new pharaoh became king of the sun and the heavens

people believed that people had to take care of the pharoajs dead body because a part of their spirit remained or disasyter would befall egypt

people would give the pharoah everything they need for their afterlife liek food, dolls, gold furniture

pharoahs didnt only get pyramids sometimes they only had a tomb but it was enourmos

at first huge tombs were built with a mound of dirt over it

these inspired pyramids

Some Pyramids are

step pyramid of djoser

maidum pyramid

Bent Pyramid

Red Pyramid

Great Pyramid ( the largest)

Pyramid of Phafre

Pyramid of Menkaure

Pyramid of pepi II

The tombs built before pyramids were called mastabas

Egyptians believed Pharoahs were gods so they built the pyramids as tombs for them,

he first pyramid was the step pyramid at saqquara built for king zoser in 2750 BC

the pyramids were constructed out of limestone blocks and desert clay

the pyramids were meant to mimic the kings palace one main burial room and other small rooms surrounding it containing thingss like jewerly

most people say the pyramids were built in 3200 BC

Built during the Old and Middle King periods

King Khufu began building pyramoids

And the links are

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/e/egyptian_pyramids.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore/

http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/egypt/architecture/pyramids.htm

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html

Pyramid Construction Theories

No one is really completely sure of how not just Egyptian pyramids were constructed but other civilizations like the Myans. One of the most commonly used theories used for the past few years has just been proven wrong which was the theory of hundreds of thousands of slaves worked everyday for 20 years until the pyramids were finished. But no matter how much man power you had you couldn't lift 2.5 ton stone blocks because they're wouldn't be any way to get fingers or anything under them to lift it and even if they could the slaves would have to be trained to walk step by step and in the same direction in a synchronized manner which would take forever.

The next most popular theory is the External Ramp and Crane Theory. This theory has been deemed wrong because the ramp would have to be no more than an 8 percent slope for it to be possible to transport the blocks. At an 8 percent slope the ramp would have to be 1 mile long to reach the top of the pyramid. This would prolong the amount of time it took to build the pyramid because you would have to make an enormous amount of calculations and then build the ramp. And there is no evidence what so ever of a structure so large. The Egyptian cranes were made out of lumber which was imported because they didn't live near many forests. The idea of exporting so much lumber is ridiculous and would also prolong the time of construction for the pyramids because it would take years for the lumber to get there and for the cranes to be built. And the idea of having multiple cranes big enough to lift 2.5 ton stone blocks on different levels of the pyramid is absurd.

The most recent and widely accepted theory is the Internal Ramp theory. This theory suggests that Egyptians had a ramp that spiraled upward and is still present in the pyramids themselves.
http://www.archaeology.org/0705/etc/thumbnails/pyramid4.gif

Another controversial theory is that Aliens helped build there pyramids. Most if not all of the civilizations that had pyramids spoke of  "Those that came from the sky" and I'm sure they weren't talking about birds. Some say that they were Aliens others say that they were the gods that they worshiped. who really knows? These theories interest me and I would like to hear what you guys think maybe we can have a class discussion or something?

Pyramid Facts

Pyramids have trap doors to keep robbers out
It usually took over 100,000 people to build pyramids
The average amount of time to build a pyramid was 20 years
Limestone was the type of stone that was usually used to build pyramids

Food Surplus

After awhile people started discovering new thing that could be done to help and benefit their people. But no one is willing to work for free. Wheat, rice and barley were available to farmers and were the best domestic food back then. They were very nutritious and could be stored for long periods of time. After animals were domesticated they were attached to plows so that they could cover more land than humans could alone thus enabling farmers to plant more food.

This created a surplus of food, you know extra. This extra food was used to pay the specialized workers. Specialized workers could do things like make plaster for insulation purposes for homes. Metal workers could melt ore's and make metal weapons for defense or hunting and make tools for working. Farmers usually had specialized workers make personal granaries for their farmer so that they could pay other specialized workers for their services.

Another positive that comes from having a food surplus is that you don't have to worry about what you are going to eat that day and you don't have to worry about feeding your family. This gives you days off to relax and I don't really know what people did 13,000 years ago to relax on a day off but I know they might have tried to learn a new skill.

2/3/11

As time advanced people were becoming specialized workers or laborers. Instead of just being hunter and getting food people were learning how to plant and build granaries and make weapons. Over time domestic animals became important to life, certain animals could produce milk, fur for clothing, meat and feces for fertilizer. Goat, sheep, pigs and cows were the first animals to be domesticated by humans. Each animal had something special to offer, oxen and horses were used to plow fields which increased the amount of food you could plant, grow, store and produce. In new guinea the only muscle power were from humans. They didn't have big strong animals like oxen or horses to pull plows. The best animals to farm are large land eating animals that can reproduce within the first few years of life and weigh over 100lbs. New Guinea just had bad geographic luck that’s all, I'm 100% sure and I'm sure experts agree too that New Guineans are perfectly capable of accomplishing the things that others have if the y had the tools.

first class and second class

Jared Diamond is a professor at UCL and a bird watcher. his bird watching took him to new guinea where he met a man that asked him "why you white men have so much cargo and we have so little?" This question drove Jared to find an answer. Jared said that its absurd to think that one race is more dominant than the other, Jared had to think back to prehistoric times because that is when there wasn't any inequality. Jared said that Africans are smart people because they can survive a life time in conditions that most men couldn't survive a day in. The first farmers were in the Middle East.  A 11,500 year old village was found in the middle east where possibly the first granary was built. All this is evidence that all races have accomplished something spectacular and that at one time in life all races were equal and that the races of todays society that are considered "less dominant" were once dominant. I think what the experts are trying to say is that each race is skilled or experts in different things and we can teach one another what we because that would benefit everyone.